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DPX (Digital Picture Exchange)
The industry standard for digital intermediate and visual effects work in film.
Digital Picture Exchange (DPX) is a raster image format used primarily in the motion picture industry for visual effects (VFX) and Digital Intermediate (DI) work. It is an ANSI/SMPTE standard (SMPTE 268M-2003) designed to represent the density of film scans without loss of quality. Unlike consumer formats, DPX is usually uncompressed and stores color information in a 'logarithmic' (Log) format to preserve the full dynamic range of motion picture film. A single second of 4K movie footage in DPX format can consume enormous amounts of storage (hundreds of megabytes), making it strictly a production format, not one for distribution.
A DPX file starts with a 'Generic Image Header' (magic number: SDPX) containing core details like file size and image orientation. This is followed by 'Industry Specific Headers' for Motion Picture or Television data (timecodes, frame rates). Finally, the 'Image Data' block contains the raw pixel values. DPX supports a wide variety of bit depths, but 10-bit Log RGB is the most common industry standard. It packs these 10-bit values tightly into 32-bit words (10+10+10+2 padding) for efficient processing. The logarithmic encoding mimics the human eye's response to light and the physical characteristics of film stock.
DPX is the direct successor to Kodak's Cineon (.cin) format, which was developed in the early 1990s for the first digital film scanners. As the industry moved towards digital workflows, SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) standardized Cineon into DPX to ensure compatibility between different vendors' scanners, printers, and software.
Microsoft Icon
The standard format for icons on Microsoft Windows and the web (favicons).
The ICO format is a container for one or more images at multiple sizes and color depths. It allows a single file to store appropriate icons for different display contexts (e.g., 16x16 for menus, 256x256 for desktop). It supports transparency and, in modern versions, PNG compression.
ICO files contain a header followed by an icon directory that lists each image entry. Each entry can use either BMP (uncompressed) or PNG compression. The format supports 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32-bit color depths with optional alpha channels.
Introduced with Microsoft Windows 1.0. It became the standard for website favicons with the release of Internet Explorer 5.
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