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Dr. Halo CUT
A legacy device-independent bitmap format from the Dr. Halo paint program.
The CUT format is a legacy raster image format associated with Dr. Halo, a popular paint program for MS-DOS in the 1980s. It was designed to be a device-independent format for storing images. A unique characteristic of the CUT format is that it typically does not store its own color palette. Instead, the palette is stored in a separate file with the extension .PAL. Without this companion file, a CUT image is often rendered in grayscale.
A CUT file begins with a simple 6-byte header specifying the width and height. The image data follows immediately and is compressed using Run-Length Encoding (RLE) to save disk space, which was critical in the floppy disk era. Because the file only contains indices (0-255) for the pixels, it relies entirely on the external .PAL file to map those indices to actual Red, Green, and Blue colors.
Dr. Halo was one of the first serious competitors to PC Paintbrush (PCX). The CUT format was widely used in the DOS era for creating graphics, screenshots, and simple illustrations. As Windows became dominant and formats like BMP and GIF standardized color storage, CUT fell into obscurity.
DPX (Digital Picture Exchange)
The industry standard for digital intermediate and visual effects work in film.
Digital Picture Exchange (DPX) is a raster image format used primarily in the motion picture industry for visual effects (VFX) and Digital Intermediate (DI) work. It is an ANSI/SMPTE standard (SMPTE 268M-2003) designed to represent the density of film scans without loss of quality. Unlike consumer formats, DPX is usually uncompressed and stores color information in a 'logarithmic' (Log) format to preserve the full dynamic range of motion picture film. A single second of 4K movie footage in DPX format can consume enormous amounts of storage (hundreds of megabytes), making it strictly a production format, not one for distribution.
A DPX file starts with a 'Generic Image Header' (magic number: SDPX) containing core details like file size and image orientation. This is followed by 'Industry Specific Headers' for Motion Picture or Television data (timecodes, frame rates). Finally, the 'Image Data' block contains the raw pixel values. DPX supports a wide variety of bit depths, but 10-bit Log RGB is the most common industry standard. It packs these 10-bit values tightly into 32-bit words (10+10+10+2 padding) for efficient processing. The logarithmic encoding mimics the human eye's response to light and the physical characteristics of film stock.
DPX is the direct successor to Kodak's Cineon (.cin) format, which was developed in the early 1990s for the first digital film scanners. As the industry moved towards digital workflows, SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) standardized Cineon into DPX to ensure compatibility between different vendors' scanners, printers, and software.
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