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DPX (Digital Picture Exchange)
The industry standard for digital intermediate and visual effects work in film.
Digital Picture Exchange (DPX) is a raster image format used primarily in the motion picture industry for visual effects (VFX) and Digital Intermediate (DI) work. It is an ANSI/SMPTE standard (SMPTE 268M-2003) designed to represent the density of film scans without loss of quality. Unlike consumer formats, DPX is usually uncompressed and stores color information in a 'logarithmic' (Log) format to preserve the full dynamic range of motion picture film. A single second of 4K movie footage in DPX format can consume enormous amounts of storage (hundreds of megabytes), making it strictly a production format, not one for distribution.
A DPX file starts with a 'Generic Image Header' (magic number: SDPX) containing core details like file size and image orientation. This is followed by 'Industry Specific Headers' for Motion Picture or Television data (timecodes, frame rates). Finally, the 'Image Data' block contains the raw pixel values. DPX supports a wide variety of bit depths, but 10-bit Log RGB is the most common industry standard. It packs these 10-bit values tightly into 32-bit words (10+10+10+2 padding) for efficient processing. The logarithmic encoding mimics the human eye's response to light and the physical characteristics of film stock.
DPX is the direct successor to Kodak's Cineon (.cin) format, which was developed in the early 1990s for the first digital film scanners. As the industry moved towards digital workflows, SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) standardized Cineon into DPX to ensure compatibility between different vendors' scanners, printers, and software.
Targa ICB
A legacy extension for Targa images created by Truevision ICB boards.
The ICB file extension is functionally identical to the standard TGA (Truevision Targa) format. It was specifically used to denote images created by or for the Truevision Image Capture Board (ICB). Like standard TGA files, it supports simpler raster data with optional RLE compression and alpha transparency.
An ICB file respects the TGA 2.0 specification. It contains a header defining image dimensions and pixel depth, followed by pixel data. The pixel data can be uncompressed or RLE-compressed. It supports bit depths of 8, 16, 24, and 32 bits. In 32-bit mode, 8 bits are dedicated to an alpha channel, which was a pioneering feature for video overlay graphics.
Truevision (now part of Avid) introduced the Targa video boards for IBM PC-compatibles in the 1980s. To distinguish files created by different hardware models, they used specific extensions: .tga (generic), .icb (Image Capture Board), .vda (Video Display Adapter), and .vst (Video Super TarGA). Modern software treats them all as standard TGA files.
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