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Kodak Cineon
A pioneering 10-bit logarithmic format designed by Kodak for digital film scanning and mastering.
The Cineon format (.cin) was developed by Kodak in the early 1990s as part of their Cineon Digital Film System. It was designed to capture the full dynamic range of film negatives. Unlike standard linear image formats, Cineon stores data in a 10-bit logarithmic density format, which closely mimics the response of film to light. This allows it to preserve highlight and shadow details that would be lost in linear 8-bit formats.
Cineon files use 10 bits per color channel (Red, Green, Blue), packed into 32-bit words (with 2 bits of padding). The key feature is the logarithmic encoding: pixel values represent printing density rather than linear brightness. A value of roughly 95 represents 'D-min' (clear film base), and the values scale up to represent increasing density. This allows the format to store a dynamic range that exceeds standard video formats.
Introduced in 1993, the Cineon system was the first end-to-end 4K digital intermediate workflow for motion pictures. While the hardware system was discontinued in 1997, the file format became the industry standard for visual effects and digital mastering until it was eventually superseded by the more flexible DPX (Digital Picture Exchange) format, which is directly based on Cineon.
DPX (Digital Picture Exchange)
The industry standard for digital intermediate and visual effects work in film.
Digital Picture Exchange (DPX) is a raster image format used primarily in the motion picture industry for visual effects (VFX) and Digital Intermediate (DI) work. It is an ANSI/SMPTE standard (SMPTE 268M-2003) designed to represent the density of film scans without loss of quality. Unlike consumer formats, DPX is usually uncompressed and stores color information in a 'logarithmic' (Log) format to preserve the full dynamic range of motion picture film. A single second of 4K movie footage in DPX format can consume enormous amounts of storage (hundreds of megabytes), making it strictly a production format, not one for distribution.
A DPX file starts with a 'Generic Image Header' (magic number: SDPX) containing core details like file size and image orientation. This is followed by 'Industry Specific Headers' for Motion Picture or Television data (timecodes, frame rates). Finally, the 'Image Data' block contains the raw pixel values. DPX supports a wide variety of bit depths, but 10-bit Log RGB is the most common industry standard. It packs these 10-bit values tightly into 32-bit words (10+10+10+2 padding) for efficient processing. The logarithmic encoding mimics the human eye's response to light and the physical characteristics of film stock.
DPX is the direct successor to Kodak's Cineon (.cin) format, which was developed in the early 1990s for the first digital film scanners. As the industry moved towards digital workflows, SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) standardized Cineon into DPX to ensure compatibility between different vendors' scanners, printers, and software.
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