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DCX (Multi-page PCX)
A legacy multi-page image format created for PC-based fax software.
DCX is a multi-page bitmap image format that essentially acts as a container for multiple PCX files. It was developed by ZSoft Corporation, the same company that created PC Paintrush and the PCX format. The primary purpose of DCX was to serve as the file format for early digital fax software, allowing a multi-page document to be stored in a single computer file. Technically, a DCX file begins with a header containing a list of offsets (pointers) to the individual PCX images stored within the file. Each 'page' is a fully valid PCX image with its own header and palette. The format relies on the simple RLE (Run-Length Encoding) compression inherited from PCX, which is efficient for simple black-and-white fax documents but poor for complex photographs.
A DCX file consists of a 4-byte signature (987654320) followed by an array of up to 1024 32-bit integer offsets. Each offset points to the start of a PCX image structure within the file. The list ends with a zero (null) terminator. Because it is wrappers around PCX, it shares all the characteristics of that format: support from 1-bit monochrome up to 24-bit RGB color. However, since it was primarily used for faxing, the vast majority of DCX files encountered today are 1-bit black and white.
DCX became popular in the early 1990s alongside the rise of fax modems and software like WinFax. It allowed users to scan or 'print' a document to a fax driver, which would save the pages as a linear .dcx file before transmission. As PDF became the dominant document format and email replaced faxing, DCX faded into obsolescence.
Photoshop Big
The 'Large Document Format' for managing gigapixel images.
PSB (Photoshop Big) is an extension of the PSD format designed to break the barriers of the 2GB file size limit and 30,000 pixel dimension limit of standard PSD files. It is structurally almost identical to PSD but uses 64-bit offsets inside the file to support massive files up to 4 Exabytes (theoretically) and 300,000 pixels in width/height.
Internally, a PSB file mirrors the block structure of a PSD (Header, Color Mode, Image Resources, Layer and Mask Info, Image Data). The key difference is the bit-width of length integers; PSB uses 8 bytes (64-bit) where PSD uses 4 bytes (32-bit) for describing file offsets and dimensions.
Introduced in Adobe Photoshop CS (v8.0) in 2003 to support the growing needs of astronomical imaging, billboard printing, and HDR photography.
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