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Dr. Halo CUT
A legacy device-independent bitmap format from the Dr. Halo paint program.
The CUT format is a legacy raster image format associated with Dr. Halo, a popular paint program for MS-DOS in the 1980s. It was designed to be a device-independent format for storing images. A unique characteristic of the CUT format is that it typically does not store its own color palette. Instead, the palette is stored in a separate file with the extension .PAL. Without this companion file, a CUT image is often rendered in grayscale.
A CUT file begins with a simple 6-byte header specifying the width and height. The image data follows immediately and is compressed using Run-Length Encoding (RLE) to save disk space, which was critical in the floppy disk era. Because the file only contains indices (0-255) for the pixels, it relies entirely on the external .PAL file to map those indices to actual Red, Green, and Blue colors.
Dr. Halo was one of the first serious competitors to PC Paintbrush (PCX). The CUT format was widely used in the DOS era for creating graphics, screenshots, and simple illustrations. As Windows became dominant and formats like BMP and GIF standardized color storage, CUT fell into obscurity.
DCX (Multi-page PCX)
A legacy multi-page image format created for PC-based fax software.
DCX is a multi-page bitmap image format that essentially acts as a container for multiple PCX files. It was developed by ZSoft Corporation, the same company that created PC Paintrush and the PCX format. The primary purpose of DCX was to serve as the file format for early digital fax software, allowing a multi-page document to be stored in a single computer file. Technically, a DCX file begins with a header containing a list of offsets (pointers) to the individual PCX images stored within the file. Each 'page' is a fully valid PCX image with its own header and palette. The format relies on the simple RLE (Run-Length Encoding) compression inherited from PCX, which is efficient for simple black-and-white fax documents but poor for complex photographs.
A DCX file consists of a 4-byte signature (987654320) followed by an array of up to 1024 32-bit integer offsets. Each offset points to the start of a PCX image structure within the file. The list ends with a zero (null) terminator. Because it is wrappers around PCX, it shares all the characteristics of that format: support from 1-bit monochrome up to 24-bit RGB color. However, since it was primarily used for faxing, the vast majority of DCX files encountered today are 1-bit black and white.
DCX became popular in the early 1990s alongside the rise of fax modems and software like WinFax. It allowed users to scan or 'print' a document to a fax driver, which would save the pages as a linear .dcx file before transmission. As PDF became the dominant document format and email replaced faxing, DCX faded into obsolescence.
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