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DCX (Multi-page PCX)
A legacy multi-page image format created for PC-based fax software.
DCX is a multi-page bitmap image format that essentially acts as a container for multiple PCX files. It was developed by ZSoft Corporation, the same company that created PC Paintrush and the PCX format. The primary purpose of DCX was to serve as the file format for early digital fax software, allowing a multi-page document to be stored in a single computer file. Technically, a DCX file begins with a header containing a list of offsets (pointers) to the individual PCX images stored within the file. Each 'page' is a fully valid PCX image with its own header and palette. The format relies on the simple RLE (Run-Length Encoding) compression inherited from PCX, which is efficient for simple black-and-white fax documents but poor for complex photographs.
A DCX file consists of a 4-byte signature (987654320) followed by an array of up to 1024 32-bit integer offsets. Each offset points to the start of a PCX image structure within the file. The list ends with a zero (null) terminator. Because it is wrappers around PCX, it shares all the characteristics of that format: support from 1-bit monochrome up to 24-bit RGB color. However, since it was primarily used for faxing, the vast majority of DCX files encountered today are 1-bit black and white.
DCX became popular in the early 1990s alongside the rise of fax modems and software like WinFax. It allowed users to scan or 'print' a document to a fax driver, which would save the pages as a linear .dcx file before transmission. As PDF became the dominant document format and email replaced faxing, DCX faded into obsolescence.
Radiance HDR
The pioneering high dynamic range format for lighting simulation.
The Radiance HDR format (often called RGBE) is a raster image format designed for storing high dynamic range (HDR) data. Rather than standard 8-bit integers, it uses a specialized encoding where pixel colors are stored as Red, Green, and Blue mantissas sharing a single common Exponent (RGBE). This allows it to represent a vast range of luminance values, from direct sunlight to deep shadows, in a relatively compact 32-bit-per-pixel format.
The .hdr format consists of a human-readable header containing variables like exposure and gamma, followed by binary pixel data. The pixel data typically uses the 'Radiance RGBE' encoding. Each pixel is 4 bytes: one byte each for Red, Green, and Blue, and one shared Exponent byte. This 'shared exponent' scheme is efficient but introduces some limitations—if one channel is very bright and another is very dark in the same pixel, color precision can be lost (color banding).
Developed by Greg Ward in the late 1980s for the Radiance lighting simulation system. It was one of the first formats to enable practical HDR storage and became a de facto standard in the CGI industry for Image-Based Lighting (IBL).
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