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HEIC (High Efficiency Image Container)
Apple's standard for high-quality, space-saving mobile photography.
HEIC (High Efficiency Image Container) is the default image format for iPhones and iPads. Introduced by Apple in 2017 (iOS 11), it is based on the HEVC (H.265) video compression standard. HEIC was designed to solve a specific problem: smartphone cameras were capturing more detail than ever, filling up storage space rapidly. HEIC files are roughly half the size of JPEGs with equivalent quality, effectively doubling the number of photos a user can store on their device. While technically superior to JPEG, HEIC is hindered by patent licensing issues, which has prevented it from being supported natively in web browsers like Chrome and Firefox. It remains primarily a storage and capture format rather than a web delivery format.
HEIC is a container format (based on ISO Base Media File Format) that wraps HEVC-encoded image data. Because it is a container, a single .heic file can hold multiple images (like a burst shot or a Live Photo), audio, and depth map data for portrait mode effects. It supports up to 16-bit color, enabling it to capture the wide color gamut (P3) used by Apple's displays and cameras. This is a significant upgrade over JPEG's 8-bit sRGB limitation.
The HEIF standard was finalized by MPEG in 2015. Apple adopted it in 2017, instantly making it one of the most common image formats in the world by volume of photos taken. Microsoft added support to Windows 10 via an extension, and Android added native support in version 10 (2019).
DCX (Multi-page PCX)
A legacy multi-page image format created for PC-based fax software.
DCX is a multi-page bitmap image format that essentially acts as a container for multiple PCX files. It was developed by ZSoft Corporation, the same company that created PC Paintrush and the PCX format. The primary purpose of DCX was to serve as the file format for early digital fax software, allowing a multi-page document to be stored in a single computer file. Technically, a DCX file begins with a header containing a list of offsets (pointers) to the individual PCX images stored within the file. Each 'page' is a fully valid PCX image with its own header and palette. The format relies on the simple RLE (Run-Length Encoding) compression inherited from PCX, which is efficient for simple black-and-white fax documents but poor for complex photographs.
A DCX file consists of a 4-byte signature (987654320) followed by an array of up to 1024 32-bit integer offsets. Each offset points to the start of a PCX image structure within the file. The list ends with a zero (null) terminator. Because it is wrappers around PCX, it shares all the characteristics of that format: support from 1-bit monochrome up to 24-bit RGB color. However, since it was primarily used for faxing, the vast majority of DCX files encountered today are 1-bit black and white.
DCX became popular in the early 1990s alongside the rise of fax modems and software like WinFax. It allowed users to scan or 'print' a document to a fax driver, which would save the pages as a linear .dcx file before transmission. As PDF became the dominant document format and email replaced faxing, DCX faded into obsolescence.
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