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Kodak Cineon
A pioneering 10-bit logarithmic format designed by Kodak for digital film scanning and mastering.
The Cineon format (.cin) was developed by Kodak in the early 1990s as part of their Cineon Digital Film System. It was designed to capture the full dynamic range of film negatives. Unlike standard linear image formats, Cineon stores data in a 10-bit logarithmic density format, which closely mimics the response of film to light. This allows it to preserve highlight and shadow details that would be lost in linear 8-bit formats.
Cineon files use 10 bits per color channel (Red, Green, Blue), packed into 32-bit words (with 2 bits of padding). The key feature is the logarithmic encoding: pixel values represent printing density rather than linear brightness. A value of roughly 95 represents 'D-min' (clear film base), and the values scale up to represent increasing density. This allows the format to store a dynamic range that exceeds standard video formats.
Introduced in 1993, the Cineon system was the first end-to-end 4K digital intermediate workflow for motion pictures. While the hardware system was discontinued in 1997, the file format became the industry standard for visual effects and digital mastering until it was eventually superseded by the more flexible DPX (Digital Picture Exchange) format, which is directly based on Cineon.
Picture Exchange
The de facto standard for DOS paint programs.
PCX (Picture Exchange) was one of the first widely accepted standards for DOS imaging. Created by ZSoft for their PC Paintbrush software, it became the native format for Windows 3.0 Paintbrush and supported the evolution of PC graphics hardware from monochrome CGA to 256-color VGA and eventually 24-bit TrueColor.
PCX uses a header containing the version, dimensions, and palette information, followed by image data compressed using a simple Run-Length Encoding (RLE) scheme. This scheme was very efficient for the simple graphics of the 80s (large areas of flat color) but is poor for complex photographs. 256-color palettes are often appended at the end of the file.
Established in 1985. It enjoyed a decade of dominance before being displaced by BMP (on Windows), GIF (on the web), and JPEG (for photos). It is now largely obsolete but still recognized by many tools due to its historical significance.
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