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Dr. Halo CUT
A legacy device-independent bitmap format from the Dr. Halo paint program.
The CUT format is a legacy raster image format associated with Dr. Halo, a popular paint program for MS-DOS in the 1980s. It was designed to be a device-independent format for storing images. A unique characteristic of the CUT format is that it typically does not store its own color palette. Instead, the palette is stored in a separate file with the extension .PAL. Without this companion file, a CUT image is often rendered in grayscale.
A CUT file begins with a simple 6-byte header specifying the width and height. The image data follows immediately and is compressed using Run-Length Encoding (RLE) to save disk space, which was critical in the floppy disk era. Because the file only contains indices (0-255) for the pixels, it relies entirely on the external .PAL file to map those indices to actual Red, Green, and Blue colors.
Dr. Halo was one of the first serious competitors to PC Paintbrush (PCX). The CUT format was widely used in the DOS era for creating graphics, screenshots, and simple illustrations. As Windows became dominant and formats like BMP and GIF standardized color storage, CUT fell into obscurity.
Portable Arbitrary Map
The 'universal' bitmap format of the Netpbm toolkit.
PAM (Portable Arbitrary Map) is the newest and most flexible member of the Netpbm format family (which includes PBM, PGM, and PPM). While earlier formats were strictly strictly black/white, grayscale, or RGB, PAM was designed to be generic. It can handle images with any number of channels, including transparency (alpha) channels, which the older formats lacked.
A PAM file starts with a text header defining width, height, maximum component value (depth), and 'TUPLTYPE' (describing what the channels mean, e.g., 'RGB_ALPHA' or 'CMYK'). The data follows as a raw binary stream of tuples. It unifies the parsing logic: instead of writing separate parsers for PBM/PGM/PPM, a program can just implement a PAM parser to handle everything.
Introduced with the Netpbm library updates to solve the 'Alpha Channel Problem'. The older formats (PPM) had no standard way to store transparency, leading to hacky non-standard extensions. PAM standardized this by allowing arbitrary tuple types.
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