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Dr. Halo CUT
A legacy device-independent bitmap format from the Dr. Halo paint program.
The CUT format is a legacy raster image format associated with Dr. Halo, a popular paint program for MS-DOS in the 1980s. It was designed to be a device-independent format for storing images. A unique characteristic of the CUT format is that it typically does not store its own color palette. Instead, the palette is stored in a separate file with the extension .PAL. Without this companion file, a CUT image is often rendered in grayscale.
A CUT file begins with a simple 6-byte header specifying the width and height. The image data follows immediately and is compressed using Run-Length Encoding (RLE) to save disk space, which was critical in the floppy disk era. Because the file only contains indices (0-255) for the pixels, it relies entirely on the external .PAL file to map those indices to actual Red, Green, and Blue colors.
Dr. Halo was one of the first serious competitors to PC Paintbrush (PCX). The CUT format was widely used in the DOS era for creating graphics, screenshots, and simple illustrations. As Windows became dominant and formats like BMP and GIF standardized color storage, CUT fell into obscurity.
Group 3 FAX
The raw compressed data stream used by classic fax machines.
When we talk about the 'FAX' file format, we typically refer to a raw data stream compressed using the CCITT Group 3 (G3) or Group 4 (G4) algorithms. These are specialized compression methods designed for bi-level (black and white) images of text documents. In most modern contexts, you won't see a standalone `.fax` or `.g3` file. Instead, this compression data is wrapped inside a container like TIFF or PDF. A `.fax` file is essentially a headerless chunk of this compressed data, which makes it difficult for modern software to open without knowing the specific dimensions (width/height) beforehand.
Group 3 compression is based on Huffman coding and Run-Length Encoding (RLE). It scans a line of pixels and records the lengths of alternating runs of black and white pixels. Because most documents are largely white space, this results in significant compression. Group 4 is an improvement that uses 2D compression (referencing the previous line to predict the next), offering better ratios but requiring an error-free transmission channel (like a digital network), unlike G3 which had to survive noisy phone lines.
Standardized by the CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy), now ITU-T, in 1980 (Group 3) and 1984 (Group 4). These standards enabled the global fax boom of the 80s and 90s.
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