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Dr. Halo CUT
A legacy device-independent bitmap format from the Dr. Halo paint program.
The CUT format is a legacy raster image format associated with Dr. Halo, a popular paint program for MS-DOS in the 1980s. It was designed to be a device-independent format for storing images. A unique characteristic of the CUT format is that it typically does not store its own color palette. Instead, the palette is stored in a separate file with the extension .PAL. Without this companion file, a CUT image is often rendered in grayscale.
A CUT file begins with a simple 6-byte header specifying the width and height. The image data follows immediately and is compressed using Run-Length Encoding (RLE) to save disk space, which was critical in the floppy disk era. Because the file only contains indices (0-255) for the pixels, it relies entirely on the external .PAL file to map those indices to actual Red, Green, and Blue colors.
Dr. Halo was one of the first serious competitors to PC Paintbrush (PCX). The CUT format was widely used in the DOS era for creating graphics, screenshots, and simple illustrations. As Windows became dominant and formats like BMP and GIF standardized color storage, CUT fell into obscurity.
Radiance HDR
The pioneering high dynamic range format for lighting simulation.
The Radiance HDR format (often called RGBE) is a raster image format designed for storing high dynamic range (HDR) data. Rather than standard 8-bit integers, it uses a specialized encoding where pixel colors are stored as Red, Green, and Blue mantissas sharing a single common Exponent (RGBE). This allows it to represent a vast range of luminance values, from direct sunlight to deep shadows, in a relatively compact 32-bit-per-pixel format.
The .hdr format consists of a human-readable header containing variables like exposure and gamma, followed by binary pixel data. The pixel data typically uses the 'Radiance RGBE' encoding. Each pixel is 4 bytes: one byte each for Red, Green, and Blue, and one shared Exponent byte. This 'shared exponent' scheme is efficient but introduces some limitations—if one channel is very bright and another is very dark in the same pixel, color precision can be lost (color banding).
Developed by Greg Ward in the late 1980s for the Radiance lighting simulation system. It was one of the first formats to enable practical HDR storage and became a de facto standard in the CGI industry for Image-Based Lighting (IBL).
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