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Sony Alpha RAW
The raw format powering the mirrorless revolution.
ARW is the raw image format used by Sony's Alpha series cameras (like the A7, A6000, and ZV series) and Cyber-shot RX series. As Sony became the dominant player in the mirrorless camera market, ARW became one of the most common raw formats in the world. ARW files contain the raw data from Sony's Exmor sensors. They are known for their malleability, allowing photographers to push shadows and pull highlights to extreme degrees without the image breaking apart.
ARW files are TIFF-based containers. Sony offers three main compression types: 1. **Uncompressed**: Massive files, but guaranteed maximum data integrity. 2. **Compressed (Lossy)**: The default for years. It uses a delta-compression scheme that can occasionally cause 'star eater' artifacts or posterization around high-contrast edges, but saves 50% space. 3. **Lossless Compressed**: Introduced in newer models (A7 IV, A1) to solve the quality issues of lossy compression without the massive size of uncompressed.
ARW replaced the older SR2 format. It has gone through several iterations (v2.3, v4.0). The format faced controversy in the past due to its lossy compression algorithm, which led Sony to introduce the Uncompressed and later Lossless Compressed options in response to user demand.
Group 3 FAX
The raw compressed data stream used by classic fax machines.
When we talk about the 'FAX' file format, we typically refer to a raw data stream compressed using the CCITT Group 3 (G3) or Group 4 (G4) algorithms. These are specialized compression methods designed for bi-level (black and white) images of text documents. In most modern contexts, you won't see a standalone `.fax` or `.g3` file. Instead, this compression data is wrapped inside a container like TIFF or PDF. A `.fax` file is essentially a headerless chunk of this compressed data, which makes it difficult for modern software to open without knowing the specific dimensions (width/height) beforehand.
Group 3 compression is based on Huffman coding and Run-Length Encoding (RLE). It scans a line of pixels and records the lengths of alternating runs of black and white pixels. Because most documents are largely white space, this results in significant compression. Group 4 is an improvement that uses 2D compression (referencing the previous line to predict the next), offering better ratios but requiring an error-free transmission channel (like a digital network), unlike G3 which had to survive noisy phone lines.
Standardized by the CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy), now ITU-T, in 1980 (Group 3) and 1984 (Group 4). These standards enabled the global fax boom of the 80s and 90s.
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