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Portable Arbitrary Map
The 'universal' bitmap format of the Netpbm toolkit.
PAM (Portable Arbitrary Map) is the newest and most flexible member of the Netpbm format family (which includes PBM, PGM, and PPM). While earlier formats were strictly strictly black/white, grayscale, or RGB, PAM was designed to be generic. It can handle images with any number of channels, including transparency (alpha) channels, which the older formats lacked.
A PAM file starts with a text header defining width, height, maximum component value (depth), and 'TUPLTYPE' (describing what the channels mean, e.g., 'RGB_ALPHA' or 'CMYK'). The data follows as a raw binary stream of tuples. It unifies the parsing logic: instead of writing separate parsers for PBM/PGM/PPM, a program can just implement a PAM parser to handle everything.
Introduced with the Netpbm library updates to solve the 'Alpha Channel Problem'. The older formats (PPM) had no standard way to store transparency, leading to hacky non-standard extensions. PAM standardized this by allowing arbitrary tuple types.
Microsoft Icon
The standard format for icons on Microsoft Windows and the web (favicons).
The ICO format is a container for one or more images at multiple sizes and color depths. It allows a single file to store appropriate icons for different display contexts (e.g., 16x16 for menus, 256x256 for desktop). It supports transparency and, in modern versions, PNG compression.
ICO files contain a header followed by an icon directory that lists each image entry. Each entry can use either BMP (uncompressed) or PNG compression. The format supports 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32-bit color depths with optional alpha channels.
Introduced with Microsoft Windows 1.0. It became the standard for website favicons with the release of Internet Explorer 5.
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