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Nikon Electronic Format
Nikon's robust raw format, known for exceptional dynamic range preservation.
NEF (Nikon Electronic Format) is the exclusive raw image format for Nikon cameras. Whether you are shooting with a beginner D3000 or a professional Z9, your raw files are NEFs. Nikon is famous for the dynamic range of its sensors, and the NEF format is designed to hold onto every bit of that data. A NEF file acts as a digital negative, storing 12-bit or 14-bit data that allows photographers to recover incredible amounts of detail.
NEF is based on the TIFF file format. It contains the raw sensor data, a JPEG preview, and an 'instruction set' of metadata. This instruction set includes camera settings like White Balance, Picture Control, and Active D-Lighting. Uniquely, Nikon offers three compression modes for NEF: Uncompressed (Pure data), Lossless Compressed (Huffman coding to reduce size with zero quality loss), and Compressed (Visually lossless).
NEF has been Nikon's standard since the dawn of their digital SLRs (D1 in 1999). While the internal structure has evolved to support higher resolutions and new features, the .nef extension has remained constant, providing a sense of stability for Nikon users.
Targa ICB
A legacy extension for Targa images created by Truevision ICB boards.
The ICB file extension is functionally identical to the standard TGA (Truevision Targa) format. It was specifically used to denote images created by or for the Truevision Image Capture Board (ICB). Like standard TGA files, it supports simpler raster data with optional RLE compression and alpha transparency.
An ICB file respects the TGA 2.0 specification. It contains a header defining image dimensions and pixel depth, followed by pixel data. The pixel data can be uncompressed or RLE-compressed. It supports bit depths of 8, 16, 24, and 32 bits. In 32-bit mode, 8 bits are dedicated to an alpha channel, which was a pioneering feature for video overlay graphics.
Truevision (now part of Avid) introduced the Targa video boards for IBM PC-compatibles in the 1980s. To distinguish files created by different hardware models, they used specific extensions: .tga (generic), .icb (Image Capture Board), .vda (Video Display Adapter), and .vst (Video Super TarGA). Modern software treats them all as standard TGA files.
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