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Nikon Electronic Format
Nikon's robust raw format, known for exceptional dynamic range preservation.
NEF (Nikon Electronic Format) is the exclusive raw image format for Nikon cameras. Whether you are shooting with a beginner D3000 or a professional Z9, your raw files are NEFs. Nikon is famous for the dynamic range of its sensors, and the NEF format is designed to hold onto every bit of that data. A NEF file acts as a digital negative, storing 12-bit or 14-bit data that allows photographers to recover incredible amounts of detail.
NEF is based on the TIFF file format. It contains the raw sensor data, a JPEG preview, and an 'instruction set' of metadata. This instruction set includes camera settings like White Balance, Picture Control, and Active D-Lighting. Uniquely, Nikon offers three compression modes for NEF: Uncompressed (Pure data), Lossless Compressed (Huffman coding to reduce size with zero quality loss), and Compressed (Visually lossless).
NEF has been Nikon's standard since the dawn of their digital SLRs (D1 in 1999). While the internal structure has evolved to support higher resolutions and new features, the .nef extension has remained constant, providing a sense of stability for Nikon users.
Group 3 FAX
The raw compressed data stream used by classic fax machines.
When we talk about the 'FAX' file format, we typically refer to a raw data stream compressed using the CCITT Group 3 (G3) or Group 4 (G4) algorithms. These are specialized compression methods designed for bi-level (black and white) images of text documents. In most modern contexts, you won't see a standalone `.fax` or `.g3` file. Instead, this compression data is wrapped inside a container like TIFF or PDF. A `.fax` file is essentially a headerless chunk of this compressed data, which makes it difficult for modern software to open without knowing the specific dimensions (width/height) beforehand.
Group 3 compression is based on Huffman coding and Run-Length Encoding (RLE). It scans a line of pixels and records the lengths of alternating runs of black and white pixels. Because most documents are largely white space, this results in significant compression. Group 4 is an improvement that uses 2D compression (referencing the previous line to predict the next), offering better ratios but requiring an error-free transmission channel (like a digital network), unlike G3 which had to survive noisy phone lines.
Standardized by the CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy), now ITU-T, in 1980 (Group 3) and 1984 (Group 4). These standards enabled the global fax boom of the 80s and 90s.
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