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DNG (Digital Negative)
The universal raw format designed to stand the test of time.
DNG (Digital Negative) is an open, royalty-free raw image format developed by Adobe. It was created to solve a major problem in digital photography: every camera manufacturer uses their own proprietary raw format (CR3, NEF, ARW, etc.), and when a new camera comes out, old software can't read its files. DNG acts as a universal container for raw sensor data. It preserves all the original image information—just like a proprietary raw file—but wraps it in a standardized, publicly documented structure. This ensures that your photos will remain readable by software decades from now, even if the camera manufacturer goes out of business.
DNG is based on the TIFF/EP standard. It stores the raw sensor data (Bayer pattern or X-Trans) along with metadata defining how that data should be interpreted (color matrices, white balance, linearization tables). Uniquely, DNG also supports 'Linear DNG' (partially processed/demosaiced data) and 'Lossy DNG' (which applies JPEG-like compression to raw data, significantly reducing file size while retaining raw editing flexibility).
Adobe launched DNG in 2004. While initially met with skepticism, it has been adopted natively by several manufacturers (Leica, Pentax, Hasselblad, and most smartphones including iPhone and Pixel) and is the standard format for mobile raw photography.
Group 3 FAX
The raw compressed data stream used by classic fax machines.
When we talk about the 'FAX' file format, we typically refer to a raw data stream compressed using the CCITT Group 3 (G3) or Group 4 (G4) algorithms. These are specialized compression methods designed for bi-level (black and white) images of text documents. In most modern contexts, you won't see a standalone `.fax` or `.g3` file. Instead, this compression data is wrapped inside a container like TIFF or PDF. A `.fax` file is essentially a headerless chunk of this compressed data, which makes it difficult for modern software to open without knowing the specific dimensions (width/height) beforehand.
Group 3 compression is based on Huffman coding and Run-Length Encoding (RLE). It scans a line of pixels and records the lengths of alternating runs of black and white pixels. Because most documents are largely white space, this results in significant compression. Group 4 is an improvement that uses 2D compression (referencing the previous line to predict the next), offering better ratios but requiring an error-free transmission channel (like a digital network), unlike G3 which had to survive noisy phone lines.
Standardized by the CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy), now ITU-T, in 1980 (Group 3) and 1984 (Group 4). These standards enabled the global fax boom of the 80s and 90s.
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