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Canon RAW 2
The standard raw format for Canon DSLRs from 2004 to 2018.
CR2 (Canon Raw version 2) is the proprietary raw image format used by Canon EOS digital SLR cameras from the mid-2000s until the introduction of the CR3 format in 2018. If you shot with a Canon 5D Mark II, 7D, or Rebel T3i, you have thousands of these files. Like all raw formats, a CR2 file contains the unprocessed data from the image sensor. It is not an image yet; it is a dataset of light intensity values that must be 'demosaiced' by software to create a viewable picture. This allows you to change the white balance, recover highlights, and pull detail out of shadows long after the photo was taken.
CR2 is based on the TIFF file structure. It uses lossless compression to store the sensor data, which is typically 12-bit or 14-bit depending on the camera model. The file contains the raw image data, a full-size JPEG preview (for reviewing on the camera screen), and extensive 'MakerNotes' metadata that records every camera setting, from the lens used to the focus point selected.
CR2 replaced the older CRW format in 2004 with the release of the EOS 20D. It remained the standard for 14 years, making it one of the most widely supported and understood raw formats in history. It was eventually succeeded by CR3, which offers better compression.
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
The web's standard for lossless images with transparency, designed as a patent-free replacement for GIF.
PNG (Portable Network Graphics) emerged in 1996 as a direct response to the patent issues surrounding the GIF format's LZW compression algorithm. Developed by an informal working group and later standardized by the W3C, PNG was engineered from the ground up to be completely patent-free while offering superior technical capabilities. Unlike JPEG, which sacrifices image data for smaller files, PNG preserves every pixel exactly as captured or created. This lossless nature makes PNG the definitive choice for images where precision matters—screenshots, digital artwork, logos, and any graphic with text or sharp edges. The format's support for full alpha transparency (256 levels of opacity per pixel) revolutionized web design, enabling smooth drop shadows, gradient fades, and complex overlays that were impossible with GIF's binary transparency. Today, PNG is universally supported across all browsers, operating systems, and image editing software. While newer formats like WebP offer better compression, PNG remains the standard for lossless web graphics due to its unmatched compatibility and reliability.
PNG uses DEFLATE compression, the same algorithm powering ZIP files and gzip. This two-stage process first applies filtering to exploit the correlation between adjacent pixels, then compresses the filtered data using LZ77 followed by Huffman coding. The result is lossless compression that typically achieves 10-30% size reduction compared to raw pixel data, with some images compressing significantly more. The format supports multiple color types: grayscale (1-16 bits), indexed color with up to 256 palette entries, truecolor RGB (24 or 48 bits), and each with optional alpha channels. PNG's chunk-based architecture allows for extensibility—the file consists of a signature followed by typed chunks containing image data, metadata, and optional features like gamma correction and color profiles. PNG offers two interlacing modes: no interlacing (smaller file size) or Adam7 interlacing, which progressively renders the image in seven passes. While interlacing increases file size by approximately 10%, it provides a better user experience on slow connections by showing a low-resolution preview almost immediately.
PNG development began in January 1995 when Unisys announced it would enforce patents on GIF's LZW compression. Within weeks, an informal group on comp.graphics formed to create a replacement. Thomas Boutell published the first PNG specification draft in March 1995, and after extensive community input, PNG 1.0 became an official W3C Recommendation on October 1, 1996. The format underwent one major revision: PNG 1.2 in 1999 added the iCCP chunk for ICC color profiles and the sRGB chunk for standard color space indication. PNG became an ISO/IEC standard (15948) in 2003, cementing its position as a core web technology. The related APNG (Animated PNG) extension emerged in 2004 but remains unofficial, though it's now supported by all major browsers.
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