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Canon RAW 2
The standard raw format for Canon DSLRs from 2004 to 2018.
CR2 (Canon Raw version 2) is the proprietary raw image format used by Canon EOS digital SLR cameras from the mid-2000s until the introduction of the CR3 format in 2018. If you shot with a Canon 5D Mark II, 7D, or Rebel T3i, you have thousands of these files. Like all raw formats, a CR2 file contains the unprocessed data from the image sensor. It is not an image yet; it is a dataset of light intensity values that must be 'demosaiced' by software to create a viewable picture. This allows you to change the white balance, recover highlights, and pull detail out of shadows long after the photo was taken.
CR2 is based on the TIFF file structure. It uses lossless compression to store the sensor data, which is typically 12-bit or 14-bit depending on the camera model. The file contains the raw image data, a full-size JPEG preview (for reviewing on the camera screen), and extensive 'MakerNotes' metadata that records every camera setting, from the lens used to the focus point selected.
CR2 replaced the older CRW format in 2004 with the release of the EOS 20D. It remained the standard for 14 years, making it one of the most widely supported and understood raw formats in history. It was eventually succeeded by CR3, which offers better compression.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
The universal standard for digital photography, balancing rich color detail with adjustable file sizes.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is the most widely used image format in the world, serving as the default standard for digital photography and web images since its release in 1992. Designed specifically to handle complex images with smooth color variations—such as photographs and realistic paintings—JPEG fundamentally changed digital media by making it possible to store and transmit high-resolution images with relatively small file sizes. The format operates on the principle of 'lossy' compression, which selectively discards image data that the human eye is less likely to perceive. This allows a typical photograph to be compressed to 10% of its original size with little visible loss in quality. Because of this efficiency and its patent-free status, JPEG was rapidly adopted by digital camera manufacturers and early web browsers, becoming the lingua franca of digital imaging. Decades later, despite the emergence of more efficient modern formats like WebP, HEIC, and AVIF, JPEG remains ubiquitous. It is supported by practically every piece of software and hardware capable of displaying images, from high-end workstations to simple embedded displays. Its ability to offer a user-selectable balance between file size and image quality continues to make it the go-to choice for billions of images shared daily.
JPEG compression relies on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), a mathematical process that converts image data from the spatial domain (pixels) into the frequency domain. The image is first converted from RGB to YCbCr color space, separating brightness (Luminance) from color (Chrominance). Since the human eye is more sensitive to brightness than color details, the color channels are often downsampled (subsampled) to reduce data volume immediately. The image is then split into 8x8 pixel blocks. The DCT algorithm processes these blocks to identify high-frequency details (fine textures) vs. low-frequency data (smooth gradients). During the 'quantization' phase—where the actual lossy compression occurs—high-frequency information is aggressively reduced or discarded based on a selected quality level. Finally, the resulting data is compressed losslessly using Huffman coding. Standard JPEG supports 8-bit color depth per channel (24-bit total), allowing for 16.7 million colors. While the specification technically includes 12-bit support and lossless modes, these are rarely implemented in consumer software. The format also utilizes 'Progressive' encoding, which allows an image to load in waves of increasing quality, rather than top-to-bottom, improving the perceived speed on slow connections.
The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) was formed in 1986 under the ISO and IEC to develop a standard for continuous-tone image compression. After evaluating several competing algorithms, the group selected a DCT-based method in 1988. The official JPEG standard (ISO/IEC 10918-1) was published in 1992. Its release coincided perfectly with the rise of the World Wide Web and consumer digital cameras. Early web browsers like Mosaic and Netscape Navigator added support for JPEG to display photos, complementing the GIF format used for graphics. By the late 1990s, JPEG had become the de facto standard for digital photography, replacing proprietary raw formats in consumer devices. Several attempts to replace standard JPEG have been made by the same committee, including JPEG 2000 (superior compression but computationally heavy), JPEG XR (Microsoft-backed), and most recently JPEG XL. However, none have managed to unseat the original 1992 format due to its 'good enough' performance and entrenched ecosystem.
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