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GIMP Image
The native project format of the GNU Image Manipulation Program.
XCF (eXperimental Computing Facility) is the native file format of the GIMP. Like Adobe's PSD, it stores all the editing data of an image project: layers, channels, paths, guides, selections, and text layers. It allows users to save their work-in-process and resume editing later non-destructively.
The format is a container for a hierarchy of image structures. Since GIMP 2.10 (2018), XCF supports high bit depth (up to 32-bit floating point) and zlib compression. Older versions were 8-bit only. Note that ImageMagick's support for XCF is often limited to flattening the image or extracting the composite preview.
Named after the XCF student group at UC Berkeley where GIMP was originally written.
Group 3 FAX
The raw compressed data stream used by classic fax machines.
When we talk about the 'FAX' file format, we typically refer to a raw data stream compressed using the CCITT Group 3 (G3) or Group 4 (G4) algorithms. These are specialized compression methods designed for bi-level (black and white) images of text documents. In most modern contexts, you won't see a standalone `.fax` or `.g3` file. Instead, this compression data is wrapped inside a container like TIFF or PDF. A `.fax` file is essentially a headerless chunk of this compressed data, which makes it difficult for modern software to open without knowing the specific dimensions (width/height) beforehand.
Group 3 compression is based on Huffman coding and Run-Length Encoding (RLE). It scans a line of pixels and records the lengths of alternating runs of black and white pixels. Because most documents are largely white space, this results in significant compression. Group 4 is an improvement that uses 2D compression (referencing the previous line to predict the next), offering better ratios but requiring an error-free transmission channel (like a digital network), unlike G3 which had to survive noisy phone lines.
Standardized by the CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy), now ITU-T, in 1980 (Group 3) and 1984 (Group 4). These standards enabled the global fax boom of the 80s and 90s.
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