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Palm Pixmap
The graphics format for Palm Pilot PDAs.
The Palm Pixmap format is the native bitmap resource used by Palm OS devices (like the Palm Pilot, Tungsten, and Treo). It was designed for the constraints of early handhelds: low memory, low CPU power, and limited screen depth (initially 1-bit, then 4-bit grayscale, then 8/16-bit color).
Palm images are usually stored inside a pdb (Palm Database) container file. The pixel data itself supports multiple compression types, primarily PackBits (RLE) and ScanLine. It handles transparency via a designated transparent index color. The format is tightly coupled with the Palm OS resource manager structure.
Debuted with the original Palm Pilot in 1996. As screen technology evolved, the format was extended to support color and high density (double density) screens on devices like the Sony Clie and Palm Tungsten.
Group 3 FAX
The raw compressed data stream used by classic fax machines.
When we talk about the 'FAX' file format, we typically refer to a raw data stream compressed using the CCITT Group 3 (G3) or Group 4 (G4) algorithms. These are specialized compression methods designed for bi-level (black and white) images of text documents. In most modern contexts, you won't see a standalone `.fax` or `.g3` file. Instead, this compression data is wrapped inside a container like TIFF or PDF. A `.fax` file is essentially a headerless chunk of this compressed data, which makes it difficult for modern software to open without knowing the specific dimensions (width/height) beforehand.
Group 3 compression is based on Huffman coding and Run-Length Encoding (RLE). It scans a line of pixels and records the lengths of alternating runs of black and white pixels. Because most documents are largely white space, this results in significant compression. Group 4 is an improvement that uses 2D compression (referencing the previous line to predict the next), offering better ratios but requiring an error-free transmission channel (like a digital network), unlike G3 which had to survive noisy phone lines.
Standardized by the CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy), now ITU-T, in 1980 (Group 3) and 1984 (Group 4). These standards enabled the global fax boom of the 80s and 90s.
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