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Multiple-image Network Graphics
The ambitious, complex, and largely obsolete animated cousin of PNG.
MNG (Multiple-image Network Graphics) was designed as the animated equivalent of the PNG format. Just as PNG was created to replace GIF for static images, MNG was intended to replace GIF for animations, offering superior compression, full alpha transparency, and complex features like nested loops and sprites. However, its complexity led to poor adoption.
MNG is a stream-based format that shares the same chunk structure as PNG. It can contain embedded PNG (lossless) or JNG (JPEG-based) images. Unlike a simple filmstrip, MNG is a scriptable animation format; it supports 'sprites', frame deltas (only updating changed pixels), and complex composition rules.
Published in 2001 by the creators of PNG. Despite high hopes, browser vendors (like Mozilla) eventually removed support due to the large code footprint and complexity of the library (libmng). The simpler APNG format won the browser war for 'animated images'.
Group 3 FAX
The raw compressed data stream used by classic fax machines.
When we talk about the 'FAX' file format, we typically refer to a raw data stream compressed using the CCITT Group 3 (G3) or Group 4 (G4) algorithms. These are specialized compression methods designed for bi-level (black and white) images of text documents. In most modern contexts, you won't see a standalone `.fax` or `.g3` file. Instead, this compression data is wrapped inside a container like TIFF or PDF. A `.fax` file is essentially a headerless chunk of this compressed data, which makes it difficult for modern software to open without knowing the specific dimensions (width/height) beforehand.
Group 3 compression is based on Huffman coding and Run-Length Encoding (RLE). It scans a line of pixels and records the lengths of alternating runs of black and white pixels. Because most documents are largely white space, this results in significant compression. Group 4 is an improvement that uses 2D compression (referencing the previous line to predict the next), offering better ratios but requiring an error-free transmission channel (like a digital network), unlike G3 which had to survive noisy phone lines.
Standardized by the CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy), now ITU-T, in 1980 (Group 3) and 1984 (Group 4). These standards enabled the global fax boom of the 80s and 90s.
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