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Icon File
A generic, often ambiguous extension for icon resources.
The `.icon` file extension is a generic identifier for icon images. Unlike the strictly defined `.ico` (Windows Icon), `.icon` is often used in Unix/Linux environments or by tools like ImageMagick as a catch-all alias for various icon formats (including Sun Icon, XBM, or simply renamed ICO files). It is not a standardized format itself but a convention for naming icon resources.
The internal structure of an `.icon` file depends entirely on what created it. It might be a standard Microsoft ICO container with multiple sizes and color depths. It might be a persistent X11 bitmap (XPM). Or it might be a Sun Raster file used for icons on Solaris systems. Because of this ambiguity, it requires a robust viewer that detects format by 'magic bytes' rather than extension.
In the early days of GUI desktops (SunOS, IRIX, early X11), there wasn't a single unified icon standard like Windows .ico. The `.icon` extension served as a descriptive label for files intended to be used as desktop icons, regardless of their underlying binary format.
Radiance HDR
The pioneering high dynamic range format for lighting simulation.
The Radiance HDR format (often called RGBE) is a raster image format designed for storing high dynamic range (HDR) data. Rather than standard 8-bit integers, it uses a specialized encoding where pixel colors are stored as Red, Green, and Blue mantissas sharing a single common Exponent (RGBE). This allows it to represent a vast range of luminance values, from direct sunlight to deep shadows, in a relatively compact 32-bit-per-pixel format.
The .hdr format consists of a human-readable header containing variables like exposure and gamma, followed by binary pixel data. The pixel data typically uses the 'Radiance RGBE' encoding. Each pixel is 4 bytes: one byte each for Red, Green, and Blue, and one shared Exponent byte. This 'shared exponent' scheme is efficient but introduces some limitations—if one channel is very bright and another is very dark in the same pixel, color precision can be lost (color banding).
Developed by Greg Ward in the late 1980s for the Radiance lighting simulation system. It was one of the first formats to enable practical HDR storage and became a de facto standard in the CGI industry for Image-Based Lighting (IBL).
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