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Canon RAW 3
The modern, efficient raw format for Canon's mirrorless era.
CR3 is the current raw image format used by Canon's EOS R mirrorless cameras and newer DSLRs. Introduced in 2018 with the EOS M50, it completely replaces the older CR2 format. The biggest innovation in CR3 is the introduction of 'C-RAW' (Compact Raw). This is a lossy compression option that reduces file sizes by up to 40% with virtually no visible loss in image quality. This allows photographers to shoot longer bursts, save hard drive space, and transfer files faster without sacrificing the flexibility of raw editing.
Unlike CR2, which was based on TIFF, CR3 is based on the CIFF (Camera Image File Format) structure, which is related to the MP4 container. This modern architecture allows for faster reading/writing and better metadata handling. CR3 files store 14-bit sensor data. In standard mode, it uses lossless compression. In C-RAW mode, it uses a smart lossy algorithm that prioritizes highlight and shadow detail while compressing midtones.
As sensor resolutions jumped from 20MP to 45MP+ (like in the EOS R5), file sizes became unmanageable. CR2 files were getting too big. Canon developed CR3 to solve this storage bottleneck, launching it alongside their push into full-frame mirrorless cameras.
Group 3 FAX
The raw compressed data stream used by classic fax machines.
When we talk about the 'FAX' file format, we typically refer to a raw data stream compressed using the CCITT Group 3 (G3) or Group 4 (G4) algorithms. These are specialized compression methods designed for bi-level (black and white) images of text documents. In most modern contexts, you won't see a standalone `.fax` or `.g3` file. Instead, this compression data is wrapped inside a container like TIFF or PDF. A `.fax` file is essentially a headerless chunk of this compressed data, which makes it difficult for modern software to open without knowing the specific dimensions (width/height) beforehand.
Group 3 compression is based on Huffman coding and Run-Length Encoding (RLE). It scans a line of pixels and records the lengths of alternating runs of black and white pixels. Because most documents are largely white space, this results in significant compression. Group 4 is an improvement that uses 2D compression (referencing the previous line to predict the next), offering better ratios but requiring an error-free transmission channel (like a digital network), unlike G3 which had to survive noisy phone lines.
Standardized by the CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy), now ITU-T, in 1980 (Group 3) and 1984 (Group 4). These standards enabled the global fax boom of the 80s and 90s.
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